Brief History of Lentolaivue 34

Lentolaivue 34 Re-established Finland had tried in vain to purchase Messerscmitts early in the Continuation War and the persistence finally paid off in late 1942, when Germany agreed to sell 30 Bf109-G2 planes to equip one squadron. A contract for these fighters was signed on Feb 1st, 1943. Just over a week earlier LeLv 34 was re-established at Immola and ex-LeLv 32 CO, Maj Ehrnrooth, appointed to head the new squadron. Ehrnrooth had been LLv34 CO from 15.7.-40 to 12.7.-41 during truce time between Winter and Continuation Wars. LLv34 did not exist in Winter War. LLv34 was originally founded in mid 1930's and assigned to fly sea recon with Blackburn Ripon II F:s and A 22 Hansas From Flight Station 4 at Turkinsaari. In 1938 FAF does not list LLv34 as an active squadron. The new squadron was intended to be a 'crack outfit' right from the start, with air force commander Maj-Gen Lundquist giving Ehrnrooth the authorisation to pick the best pilots from any of the Finnish fighter units. Despite bitter protests from other squadron commanders, LeLv 34 was duly formed. On Feb 10th 16 pilots were sent to Berlin for familiarisation on the Bf109G. The Luftwaffe training officer placed in charge of the conversion initially insisted on a full-scale training programme as was taught to ab initio Jagdflieger. However upon seeing the skill of the Finnish pilots, he agreed to a much shorter course. On March 9th the first 16 planes left for Finland, followed by the rest on May 10th.
Ready for Action The planes were flown from Vienna through Breslau, Thorn, Köningsberg and Riga to Malmi airport at Helsinki where they arrived on Mar 13th. Six planes stayed at Malmi while the rest flew to squadron's base at Utti. FAF symbols were painted on the planes and the squadron was ready to defend Helsinki and Kotka-Kouvola area.
LeLv 34 on Mar 22nd: Commander, Maj Ehrnrooth, at Utti
MT is the FAF abbreviation for Messerschmitt.
First Victory The first victory was gained on Mar 24th when Kapt Ervi and Lentm. Juutilainen intercepted a Pe-2 over Gulf of Finland. Juutilainen shot some cannon rounds into its fuselage and marvelled their effect while the bomber went down. With Brewster's (MGs only) it was usually necessary to aim for motors. This was Juutilainen's 37th kill. With the total of 94 1/6 in the end of the war he became the top scoring non-German fighter pilot in WWII Europe.
Accident and a new CO LeLv 34 CO,Maj Ehrnrooth, was killed in a stunt flying accident with
a Pyry-training plane. Two days later Maj Luukkanen was assigned as the
new CO.
A patrol from 3rd flight led by Ltn Myllylä shot a lone Pe-2
bomber down into the sea near Lavansaari.
A La-5 fighter was shot down by
Ltn Valli's patrol near Lavansaari. The next day a LaG-5
was shot down at the same area after a fight between six Lagg-3:s, three
LaG-5:s and three Pe-2:s vs three MT:s led by Kapt Puhakka.
Kapt Puhakka's flight encounterd 3 bombers. A Pe-2
bomber was shot down after a chase from Kotka to the Estonian coast.
A patrol led by Lentm Tuominen shot down a lone Pe-2
after a chase from Helsinki to Seiskari.
A Boston bomber was shot down by
a patrol from 1st flight near the Estonian coast. Later the same day six
MT:s encountered thirty Soviet aircraft. Two LaG-5:s
were shot down. Kapt Puhakka's patrol added another Boston
to the list the next day.
3rd flight patrol led by Lentm Turkka shot encountered 12 LaGG3:s attacking
a ship. Three LaGG:s were shot down.
Later the same day a 2nd flight patrol led by Ltn Karhila shot down two
of the encountered four LaG-5:s close
to Ino.
2nd flight met two Boston bombers
escorted by three La-5:s and five LaGG-3:s. One patrol engaged the fighters
and shot down two of them while another
patrol shot down both bombers. Two days later 14 pilots went to Germany
to fetch the rest of the thirty 109G-2 planes.
A 3rd flight patrol led by Vääp Lehtovaara encountered three
LaGG:s
close to Peninsaari and shot down two
of them. Another 3rd flight patrol shot down a Chaika
at Lavansaari. A 2nd flight swarm shot a lone LaGG-3
into the sea nearby Seiskari.
3rd flight was on an interception mission and shot down one I-153.
The 14 MT:s from Germany arrived.
Kapt Puhakka's swarm attacked ten soviet fighters at Lavansaari. They
were very nimble and only one I-16
was shot down. The next day same happened to Maj Luukkanen's swarm, one
of six I-153:s was shot down. After
this there was a noticeable increase in air activity over the Gulf of Finland
and squadron engaged the enemy almost daily and mostly over Lavansaari,
where the Soviets had a significant air base.
Kapt Puhakka's five MT:s fought with twentythree Soviet planes and shot
down a I-16 and a Jak-1.
Ltn Myllylä's swarm shot down two
of the encountered twelve Chaikas near
Peninsaari. A MT from 2nd flight was
shot down by Soviet A-A at Lavansaari.
A Patrol led by Lentm Turkka encountered a squadron of I-153:s near Lavansaari. Three German Messerschmitts came to assist the Finns. In the combat Soviets lost three I-153:s, Finns shot down two of them. After a while another flight lead by Kapt Lahtela encountered a flight of I-153:s. One of them was shot down and another collided with one of the MT:s. Both were lost. Maj Luukkanen led a flight of 11 MT:s to the same area. A big fight
broke out between the MT:s and four Il-2:s, seventeen LaGG-3:s and LaG-5:s
and an some enforcement which joined the combat later. Sixteen Brewsters
and twelwe German Focke Wulfs also joined the combat. The MT pilots shot
down two Il-2:s, two LaGG-3:s and two
LaG5:s.
Five MT:s led by Maj Luukkanen shot down five
of the nine LaGG-3:s encountered. The
next day a patrol led by Kapt Lahtela shot down two
out of four Rata:s.
A lone DB-3F was sighted over Lake
Saimaa. Ylik Erkinheimo from 2nd flight was sent to chase and the bomber
was shot down.
1st Flight joined the Squadron at Utti and 3rd Flight took over defending
Helsinki from Malmi airport.
Ltn Pokela led the 1st flight to combat with a Soviet formation of 28 planes near Lavansaari. Two Pe-2:s and two LaG-5:s were shot down. One of the MT:s was hit by splinters from a Pe-2 and had to make a forced landing into the sea. Ltn Pekuri's swarm from 1st flight shot down one of the fifteen LaGG:s
at eastern Gulf of Finland.
Lentm Juutilainen's patrol from 1st flight attacked six enemy fighters
at Seiskari. Soviets tried to break towards Estonia, but lost one LaGG
and two Rata:s.
Ltn Pekuri was assigned as CO of 1st Flight.
A 2nd flight patrol was alerted to chase a lone DB-3F
bomber near Jääski. The bomber was shot down, but the other MT
got some hits too and crashed into the woods.
A patrol from 1st flight shot down a Chaika
taking off at Lavansaari. Later Maj Luukkanen's patrol met two Bostons
escorted by a flight of LaGG-3:s. Soviet fighters knew their job since
the bombers were able to escape, but one of the LaGG:s
was shot down.
A 3rd flight patrol shot down a lone Boston
bomber at Söderskär.
Ltn Tervo led a 1st flight swarm for interception at Lavansaari - Seiskari
area and met a soviet formation of fourteen I-153:s, two Pe-2:s and two
Lightnings that had just took off from air base. Two MT:s stayed as top
cover while two others attacked and shot down one Lightning
and four Chaikas.
Maj Luukkanen took off alone for interception towards Seiskari. He met a lone Pe-2 and shot it into the sea. 1st Flight moved to Suulajärvi at Carelian Istmus under direct
command of the HQ of Flight Regiment 3.
Ltn Karhila's patrol shot down a lone Pe-2 at Seiskari and Lentm Tuominen's patrol shot down one of three LaGG:s at Someri. Lentm Juutilainen was alerted to intercept a Pe-2 at Suulajärvi.
It got away but at Koivisto he met three LaGG:s
and shot down two of them.
Maj Luukkanen led his patrol to attack four Il-2:s and seven LaGG-3:s
at Suursaari. Two LaGG:s were shot
down.
A patrol from 2nd flight shot down two
of the nine LaGG:s escorting four Il-2:s.
Kapt Lahtela's swarm met twelve enemy planes and shot down one LaGG-3. Ltn Myllylä's patrol fought with a flight of LaG-5:s and shot down one of them. 1st flight performed single plane patrols over Carelian Istmus shooting
down one R-2 flying boat and one Il-2.
A day later a swarm from 2nd flight lost one MT
in a fight against four Il-2:s and nine LaGG-3:s.
A swarm from 2nd flight shot down one of ten encountered LaG-5:s.
1st flight lost one MT in a motor failure.
Ltn Myllylä's patrol met an unescorted flight of Pe-2:s
and shot down three of them.
2nd Flight and Squadron HQ moved to Kymi airbase. Their task was as
earlier, defence of Kotka - Viipuri coast and interceptions over the Gulf.
Ltn Tervo's patrol intercepted a Pe-2
escorted by 3 LaGG:s at Suursaari.
The bomber and one of the fighters were shot down. 3rd flight destroyed
one Boston at Estonian coast.
Lentm Juutilainen's patrol fought against ten LaGG-3:s
and shot down two of them. Later Ltn
Valli's patrol provided top cover for a flight of Brewsters and was attacked
by three La-5:s of which one was shot
down.
Kapt Lahtela's patrol engaged four Il-2:s and six Jak-7:s shooting down
two
of them.
3rd Flight moved to Kymi and 2nd Flight took over at Malmi.
Ltn Pokela's patrol met a mixed Soviet formation over the Gulf and shot
down one Il-2 and one LaGG-3.
One MT was lost. Ltn Karhila's swarm
from 3rd flight met sixteen enemy planes at Seiskari and shot down one
Boston
and one La-5. Kapt Puhakka's patrol
shot down five enemy planes in two
separate fights. 2nd flight lost one MT
in motor failure.
3rd flight destroyed one La-5 at
Lavansaari and a day later 2nd flight shot down a Boston
close to Tallinn.
Kapt Puhakka's swarm met two Jak-7:s
over Suursaari. One was shot smoking and the other crashed into the sea.
Two days later Ltn Pekuri's swarm destroyed a La-5
patrol at Seiskari.
Maj Luukkanen led his swarm to attack fourteen Soviet planes at Seiskari
and they shot down two enemy fighters.
A swarm from 3rd flight met a Soviet formation of twentyfive planes
near Tytärsaari and shot down one La-5.
A day later Maj Luukkanen led six MT:s at the same area and attacked two
Il-2:s and four escorting
LaGG-3:s
shooting them all down.
Ltn Pokela's swarm met tens of Soviet planes, returning from an attack
at German front, near Oranienbaum and shot down one LaGG-3
and one La-5.
Ltn Pekuri's swarm met some 20 Soviet fighters returning to Oranienbaum.
A flight of Brewsters also joined the fight. MTs shot down two
La-5:s, two LaGG-3:s and one Jak-1.
The Brewsters destroyed nine more enemy planes.
100th Confirmed Victory Vänr Pallasvuo's patrol from 2nd flight faced a LaGG-3
flight over the Gulf of Finland and shot down two
of them. Thus LeLv 34 had gained its 100th air victory.
Kapt Lahtela's swarm shot down a lone Pe-2
nearby Porkkala. Vääp Tani's patrol from 3rd flight shot down
a lone Boston at Utti - Luumäki
area. Four days later a 3rd flight swarm destroyed another Boston
at the same area.
Kapt Puhakka's swarm met a mixed Soviet formation and shot down one
Jak-1.
Lentm Juutilainen's patrol took off to chase a La-5
that flew over Suulajärvi, caught it and shot it down. On the way
back they met five
La-5:s at Ino and
shot down two of them.
Three MT:s led by Maj Luukkanen met fifteen Pe-2:s escorted by nineteen
fighters at Someri - Haapasaari area. Three La-5:s
were shot down. Ltn Valli's swarm shot down one Il-2
at Sepeleva area while others escaped to the protection of Soviet A-A.
A 3rd flight MT caught fire on a
patrol flight and made a forced landing into the icy water. The pilot perished
in cold before being rescued.
Kapt Puhakka's swarm caught an enemy formation of ten planes and shot
down one Jak-7. Ltn Myllylä's
patrol also dastroyed one Jak at Suursaari.
Ltn Valli led 5 MT:s to attack a mixed formation at Ino and shot down one
Il-2
and two LaGG-3:s.
3rd flight lost one MT in landing.
In December snowstorms and low cloud cover prevented air activity completely.
LeLv 34 in the beginning of 1944: Commander, Maj Luukkanen, at Kymi
In January the squadron performed only a couple of patrol flights. On
Jan 29th 1st flight was assigned to LeLv 24.
Ltn Pekuri's swarm met eight Jak-7:s
at Siestarjoki and shot down two of
them.
Ltn Euramo was assigned as CO of 2nd Flight.
HLeLv 34 Lentolaivue (flight squadron) was abbreviated to LLv up to May 1942,
when it changed to LeLv. On Feb 14th 1944 all frontline units received
an operational prefix, with a fighter squadron becoming Hävittäjälentolaivue
- HLeLv.
Kapt Karu was assigned as CO of 2nd Flight.
2nd Flight Transfered 2nd Flight with its pilots and planes was transfered to Flight Regiment 5 and it became the 2nd Flight of HLeLv 30. The responsibility of defending Helsinki was also removed with the flight. Till the end of the war HLeLv 34 operated with only 2 flights. Three MT:s from 1st flight met several Pe-2:s
escorted my fighters at Seivästö. Two
bombers and one fighter were shot down.
Maj Luukkanen led the 3rd flight to Kotka to intercept an enemy formation
of forty planes. Five Pe-2:s an two
La-5:s were shot down. Ltn Myllylä led the 3rd flight a
bit later back to Kotka to intercept a smaller formation and they shot
down one Pe-2 and one La-5.
A day later 3rd flight broke one MT
when the engine stopped in take-off.
One MT from 1st flight was shot
down while escorting a recon plane at Gorskaja - Kasimovo area.
Another 1st flight MT was lost in
take-off. Four days later a 1st flight swarm shot one of two La-5:s
at Tolli lighthouse.
Three MT:s from 1st flight were attacked by two La-5:s near Seivästö.
One MT was lost.
New Planes HLeLv 34 received first new Bf 109G-6 planes and handed the old G2s to HLeLv 24 between Apr 11th and May 1st. On April 14th one MT was lost in training. Recon flights showed that the Soviets had started large troop and material concentrations at Istmus.
1st flight returned from Suulajärvi to Kymi. HLeLv 34 had 12 operational
G6 planes.
Maj Luukkanen led nine MT:s to attack bombers at Kotka. Out of 29 enemies
one Pe-2 and three
Jak-9:s were shot down.
3dr flight patrol shot down a lone Boston
over Suursaari.
Twentyseven Pe-2:s escorted by fifteen Jak-9:s and La-5:s came to bomb
Hamina. Maj Luukkanen intercepted with eleven MT:s from below and they
shot eight bombers down before escorts
were able to react. One MT was lost
but also three Jak-9:s were destroyed.
Next day 3rd flight lost one MT in
take off.
Nine MT:s led by Ltn Myllyä engaged fifteen bombers and twenty
escort fighters. Soviets lost two Pe-2:s
and four Jak-9:s.
The Eagle Fledgling was officially adopted as squadron emblem. The idea was put forward by CO Luukkanen and the design was made by Ltn Lehtonen.
Ylik Lyly admires the new emblem on MT-423's tail. Lyly scored 8 victories in 188 missions.
Four MT:s were moved to Suulajärvi. A day later the Red Army began
a massive offensive at Carelian Istmus and 1st flight shot a La-5
at Haapasaari. HLeLv 34 was given a interception task at the whole Istmus
area, task to escort FAF bombers at Istmus and at eastern Gulf area and
to recon at Istmus as well.
1st flight fought against ten bombers and some sixty fighters. One DB-3F,
three
La-5:s and one Airacobra
were shot down. Later a 1st flight patrol on a recon flight destroyed one
Il-2.
HLeLv 30 sent four MT:s to Kymi for HLeLv 34 and the whole squadron
with seventeen MT:s moved to Immola.
Maj Luukkanen's swarm met tens of Soviet fighters. Three
La-5:s and two Airacobras
were shot down and one MT was lost.
Kapt Puhakka's flight destroyed two Stormoviks,
two La-5:s and one Airacobra
in two separate encounters. Later Maj Luukkanen's ten MT:s again met tens
of enemies and shot down one La:5 and
one Airacobra.
Kapt Pekuri led nine MT:s against five Il-2:s. Two enemies were shot down but also one MT was lost when Pekuri had to bail out of a burning plane over enemy territory. He became a POW and returned only after the war. Squadron moved to Lappeenranta and Kapt Euramo became the CO of 1st
flight.
3rd flight met eleven enemies and shot down one
Il-2, one Jak-9 and two
Airacobras. Kapt Puhakka's swarm shot down a lone U-2
and another lone Pe-2. Maj Luukkanen
led five MT:s against strafing Il-2:s
and they shot down two of them. One
MT
was lost in a forced landing. Ltn Myllylä's patrol shot down one more
Il-2 at the same area.
Ltn Pokela's swarm met twentyfive enemy fighters at Uusikirkko - Kuolemanjärvi
area and shot down one Airacobra. Kapt
Puhakka led six MT:s against fifteen Il-2:s
at Virolahti. One was shot down before another fifteen Soviet fighters
interrupted the attack. One Mustang
was shot down in the consequent fight.
HLeLv 34 received six new MT:s from Germany. One MT
was shot down by Soviet A-A fire. Kapt Puhakka's five MT:s shot down three
Il-2:s and one Airacobra
from a formation of fifteen planes. Swarms from 1st and 3rd flight were
alerted To Viipuri to attack tens of Soviet planes. Eight
bombers and three fighters
were shot down.
HLeLv 34 shot down twenty enemy planes
over Viipuri in several separate fights. The city was lost to the enemy
though. A day later a flight led by Maj Luukkanen shot down two
Il-2:s and one Jak-9 over
Viipuri.
A swarm from 1st flight shot down a La-5 patrol
close to Viipuri. 1st flight lost one MT
in A-A fire while escorting Junkers bombers. 3rd flight destroyed two
DB-3F:s and two La-5:s at
Tali area.
Maj Luukkanen led seven MT:s towards Viipuri and attacked a mixed enemy
formation shooting down three bombers
and one fighter. In the evening the
squadron moved to Taipalsaari.
A swarm from 3rd flight met ten Jaks at Tali. One Jak
and one MT went down. Kapt Puhakka's
flight escorted Blenheim bombers at tali area and repelled Soviet attacks
shoting down three fighters. On the
way back they met a flight of Il-2:s
and shot down three of them.
Kapt Puhakka's flight met sixty to seventy Il-2.s and some forty fighters.
One Il-2 and one Airacobra
were shot down. Maj Luukkanen's swarm shot down a U-2
and one escorting Mustang at Vammelsuu
area. Later the whole squadron with thirteen MT:s flew interception at
Tali. They met a Soviet formation of over hundred planes and shot down
four
Jak:s and two Il-2:s.
Kapt Puhakka led 11 MT:s over Tali agains some hundred Pe-2:s, forty
Il-2:s and forty or fifty fighters. Three Pe-2:s
and one Jak-9 went down.
Fifteen MT:s met some two hundred Soviet planes at Ihantala area. In a hectic fight Finns shot down seventeen enemy planes, of which Juutilainen's score was six! Maj Luukkanen escorted bombers with seventeen MT:s at Portinhoikka and repelled the enemy attacks. Two Airacobras and one La-5 were shot down. The Finnish ground defence lines at Viipuri bay - Ihantalanjärvi
- Vuoksi began to hold and the Soviet offensive calmed down by July 8th.
Ltn Pokela's flight covered some ships at Teikarsaari and shooed some
Il-2:s and Jak-9:s away shooting down one fighter.
a 3rd flight swarm shot two of the
six Pe-2:s they met at Viipuri. 1st
flight swarm was escorting bombers at Koivisto and met five
Il-2:s shooting them all down. 3rd flight led by Lnt Myllylä
met some Pe-2:s and Jak-9:s and shot down three
enemy planes. 1st flight lost one MT
in take off.
Ten MT:s took off for interception and met six Airacobras and three
La-7:s at Juustila - Ihantala area. One La-7
was shot down but also one MT was lost.
Later swarms from both flights were alerted to intercept bombers at Lappeenranta.
Soviets lost seven Il-2:s, three Pe-2:s
and one Jak-9.
3rd flight destroyed three DB-3f:s at Lappeenranta - Simola area. Kapt Puhakka's flight met some twenty Jak-9:s and shot down two of them. One MT was lost. Maj Luukkanen led six MT:s on a recon mission at Ihantala. Some forty Soviet planes were at the same area and three Il-2:s, one Pe-2 and one Jak-9 went down. Ltn Pokela was assigned as the CO of 1st flight.
1st flight shot down two Il-2:s and one Jak-9 from a formation of some twenty planes. A day later Maj Luukkanen led a flight to intercept at Uuraa direction and met twentyfive groundfighters and twenty escorts. Soviets lost one Stormovik and seven fighters. 3rd flight lost one MT in A-A fire on a bomber escort mission Viipuri Bay area. The Soviets concentrated for a break through at Vuosalmi and Äyräpää
at Vuoksi - Taipale line and pushed through for some two km:s until the
lines stabilized at July 16th.
1st flight escorted bombers at Äyräpää and met some
Soviet bombers shooting down one DB-3F.
Two days later Ltn Tuominen's patrol shot down a lone Pe-2.
Maj Luukkanen led a flight escorting bombers and shot down two
of the ten enemy fighters they met.
3rd flight covered ground forces at Äyräpää and shot
down one of the two Il-2:s escorted
by ten enemy fighters. 3rd flight lost one MT
in take-off.
Ten MT:s from 1st flight turned away an Il-2
flight at Pölläkkälä and shot down one of them. The
soviet formations had decreased considerably in size and they did not occur
that often anymore.
A recon swarm from 3rd flight met six La-5:s
at Tali and shot down one. 1st flight shot down two
Jak-9:s from a formation of some twenty planes. The squadron
covered Junkers bombers at Vuosalmi with thirteen MT:s. Twenty enemy fighters
were repelled after four Jak-9:s were
shot down.
Maj Luukkanen led a formation of sixteen MT:s escorting bombers to Vuosalmi.
Ten Soviet fighters tried to attack and one Airacobra
and one Jak-9 got shot down.
A flight led by Maj Luukkanen was alerted to Virolahti where they met
some fifty enemy planes. The Soviets lost two
Il-2:s, one Jak-9 and one
Airacobra.
Airspace had already calmed considerably when Maj Luukkanen's patrol
found six groundfighters escorted by six fighters. The patrol attacked
and shot down one Il-2 and two
Jaks. After this no Soviet planes were encountered during patrol
flights.
3rd flight moved to Immola.
Last Victory Lentm Juutilainen and Ltn Risku were on a recon flight and lost each other in sudden A-A fire. They both met Jak-9s which vanished after some shooting. Juutilainen called on radio and told Risku to wait behind while he was going to finnish the recon mission. Suddenly he met a Li-2 (Soviet DC-3) and after looking around for a while he shot its engine into fire. Armstice began on Sept 4th.
Maj Luukkanen, Lentm Juutilainen, Ltn Karhila, Lotta Cardberg, Lotta Ilveskorpi and Ylik Peltola. Behind on the wing: Lotta Vento and Mechanician Laine
Lentolaivue 34 achieved 345 confirmed kills with its MTs between Mar 13th 1943 and Sept 4th 1944 while losing only 30 planes (of which 13 in air combat, 5 in A-A fire, 7 in accidents and 5 due to technical faults). 12 pilots were killed or missing and 1 became POW. 3 pilots were awarded the Mannerheim Cross. During the continuation war (6/41-9/44) Finns achieved 1567 air victories. 550 of these were won during 1944. Own casualties were 536 planes of which 209 in combat. 155 Finnish pilots achieved air victories, 87 of them had 5 or more kills.
After the war FAF symbol was changed into a white and blue roundel. In December of 1944 HLeLv 34 became HLeLv 33. In December of 1952 Flight Regiments became Wings and HLeLv 33 became HävLv 33. In 1952-53 thirty Valmet Vihuri planes were built and HävLv 33 used some of them. ![]() HävLv 33's Valmet Vihuri in Utti The last flight with a MT in FAF was flown in March 13th 1954. ![]() In 1957 3rd Wing was named Carelian Wing. It had two Squadrons: HävLv 31 (former war time LLv 24) and HävLv 33 (LLv 34). In August of 1958 HävLv 33 was ended and the Carelian Wing continued the traditions of LLv 24 under their lynx emblem.
Sources: Juutilainen: Punalentäjien kiusana. Jyväskylä, 1998 Keskinen, Stenman, Niska: Suomen ilmavoimien historia 6 - Messerschmitt BF 109G. Forssa, 1991 Keskinen, Stenman, Niska: Suomen ilmavoimien historia 11 - Hävittäjä-ässät. Forssa, 1994 Stenman, Keskinen: Osprey aircraft of aces 23 - Finnish Aces of World War 2. Hong Kong, 1998 |